Implementation of Organization Theory and Design

Implementation of Organization Theory and Design An organization is a defined structure in which people work together to achieve organizational goals using human, financial and material resources. Organization theory describes how organization functions, effect of environment on organization and effect of organization on environment. Organization theory can be classified under three approaches: classical, neo classical and modern. Classical theory considers organization as a machine and human beings as different parts of machine. In this theory, work is divided into specialized tasks. Unity of command, chain of command and span of control are also there in this theory (Prasad, 2008). Neo classical theory is a combination of formal and informal organization. It is based on human view of organization. This theory contains flat structure of organization, decentralization and informal organization. Modern organization theory was developed in early 1960s. It takes an organization as an adaptive, dynamic and open system. This theory consists of two theories. According to system theory, productivity is considered as an interaction of people, structure and environment. Contingency theory describes that there must be a match between organizational structure and its environment to enhance performance (Prasad, 2008). Organizational design depends on various factors such as environment, strategy, people, size and technology. On the basis of above description of organizational theory and design, we have come to know about the organization, its functions, its effect on external environment, effect of external environment, organization design and structure. Modern theory with system and contingency theory is generally acceptable in present scenario. So in the interview, I will tell the interviewer that I have learned about the organizational theory and design and I have learned that flat structure, dynamism, combination of formal and informal behavior, decentralization and broader span of control are the characteristics, which must be applied in an organization (Organization Theory and Design, 2008). In present scenario, we can not take organization as a closed system because organization affects the external environment and gets affected by external environment. Decentralization refers to the delegation of power among managers. Flat structure provides better communication between all the levels of management. Span of control should be wider enough because it helps in proper management of workforce. The success of an organization highly depends on coordination of its various resources like human, financial and material. I have properly understood the factors, which are very critical in organizational structure. I will keep an eye on the external environment to go with recent trends. I will also concentrate on a suitable strategy to maintain relations between all the elements, which decide the organizational success. Apart from these two things, the use of new technology, size of organization and proper handling of people will also be considered. References Prasad, L.M. (2008). Organizational Behavior (4th Revised Edition). New Delhi: Sultan Chand Sons Educational Publishers. Organization Theory and Design, (2008). Retrieved on June, 24, 2008 from http://www52.homepage.villanova.edu/maureen.sullivan/coursematerial/LM_Notes/Organizational_Theory_and_Design.htm

The Pigman

The plot of The Pigman, by Paul Zindel is the key element in understanding and clarifying the situations that this book’s characters go through. The setting of The Pigman is a neighborhood in New York City and more specifically Franklin High School. The protagonists of this story are John Conlan and Lorraine Jensen. The story does not have a specific person or character that is the antagonist, but is several different challenges that John and Lorraine are faced with throughout the story.The title of the book comes from the nickname that John and Lorraine gave to their new friend, Angelo Pignati, partly because of his name but also because of the collection of pigs that belonged to his late wife. The author of the book, Paul Zindel, is from Staten Island, New York. The Pigman was Zindel’s first novel and he won many awards for this novel including â€Å"Children’s Book of the Year† in 1968.The three reasons I selected plot as the most important literary ele ment of this novel is: 1) John and Lorraine become friends with an older man who has no wife and no children of his own, 2) John and Lorraine face many conflict and complications that teenagers still face today, and 3) John and Lorraine have to deal with death which is unexpected. John and Lorraine meet and become friends with Mr. Angelo Pignati after prank calling him and getting him to agree to donate money to their fake charity. The kids feel guilty about taking Mr.Pignati’s money and so they take him to the zoo to see his friend, Bobo, a baboon. The friendship continues to grow from that point on because John and Lorraine enjoy spending time with the Pigman because they do not get to spend time like this with their own parents. John and Lorraine realize how lonely the Pigman is and decide to try to make his life more fun by visiting him every day after school and on the weekends. They did many activities with the PIgman that they had never got to experience at home with t heir own parents.John and Lorraine face many conflicts and complications that teenagers face today. John is portrayed at the beginning of the book as a teenager giving in to the temptations of alcohol and tobacco. So, peer pressure is a big factor in The Pigman. The beginning of the book tells about John and Lorraine being pressured into prank calling the phone number that ends up being Mr. Pignati’s. They are then pressured into collecting the money that Mr. Pignati donated to their fake charity. After the kids have befriended the Pigman, a schoolmate, Norton tries to get John to let him steal from thePigman. John and Lorraine give into peer pressure when they have a party at Mr. Pignati’s house while he is in the hospital. Norton shows up at the party and destroys Mr. Pignati’s pig collection. John and Lorraine ultimately regret the pressures that they have given into and try to fix the damage that has been done. Unfortunately, it’s too late. John and L orraine have to deal with death, which is unexpected. Mr. Pignati has a heart attack but recovers and returns to his home, only to find that his baboon friend at the zoo had died.This breaks Mr. Pignati’s heart and ultimately he dies from a supposed broken heart. John and Lorraine feel tremendous guilt and responsibility over the Pigman’s death. They learn that even though they were seeking forgiveness from Mr. Pignati for the mistakes they had made, John and Lorraine realize some things can never be forgiven. John and Lorraine are left with a deep sense of regret and sadness because of the Pigman’s death. The consequences they have to live with will be with them for the rest of their lives.The key element in understanding and clarifying the situations in Paul Zindel’s The Pigman, is the plot of the book. The various conflicts, complications and relationships that John and Lorraine deal with throughout the book reveal valuable lessons about friendship and betrayal that can never be forgiven. Mr. Pignati’s death forces John and Lorraine to deal with their fault in this final outcome. I enjoyed this book and would recommend it based on the fact that there are so many issues that me and other teenagers can relate to today.

Good and Bad Manners in Russia Essay

Observing etiquette and having good manners can make life of foreign people more convenient and helps to and adapt to different national features. Many norms of behavior in Russia are the same as in the whole world, but there are some special conventional rules of conduct which differs from manners of other countries. I want to list some of typical manners which exist in Russia: * For example, it’s a good manner to give up your place to woman or old person in public transport. * Also it’s very good to open the door before woman and hold the door when you go in or out of some place. * When you come to your friends’ home or you are invited to some party, you should take some present. It can be bunch of flowers, bottle of wine or some sweets. * Entering somebody’s house, you should take off your shoes in the entrance hall. * In Russia it’s typical to pay for a woman on a date. Your girlfriend wouldn’t object and it would be pleasant for her. * It’s a national feature to celebrate different occasions with jolly crowd, a lot of alcohol and dishes, playing music and singing. Foreign people can be amazed because some cheerful strangers on the street offer them â€Å"to drink for a company†. Also in Russia exist some special national holidays which people celebrate with feasting (e.g. New Year party, Epiphany, the Day of Motherland’s Protectors, Women’s Day, Easter, the 1st of May, Victory Day, the Day of Independent, the Day of Knowledge etc.) * It’s a bad manner to discuss the private life of colleagues and acquaintances. Also it’s not very good to talk about somebody’s salaries. * In Russia when you meet your friend or acquaintance it’s usual to say â€Å"Hello! How are you?†. You should ask even if you don’t want to know how he is getting on. * If you ask the woman about her age she can take umbrage and it can be very unpleasant for her. * If a man invites a woman to drink some tea in his house in Russia it could be understood as an invitation on dating. * In Russia sexual minority is not so tolerated as in Europe and USA. That is why it’s is better to avoid this subject in conversation. Discussion this theme can slow down making your career. * Russians don’t like when people speak foreign languages which they don’t understand. It can provoke distrust. * In case of celebrating some event, it’s impolite to refuse of glass when everybody is drinking especially in the moment when somebody proposes a toast to somebody’s health or success of business. Notwithstanding of  differences between Russian and foreign good and bad manners, there are common features of polite behavior. It proves that our country has fitting culture level and we must be proud of it.

Application Irrigation Water For Crop Essay - 3003 Words

1.1 INTRODUCTION Application irrigation water to crop is the most important recurring aspect in water management of crop which needs careful consideration. A crop gets its water by its root. Irrigation water is required when the soil is unable to supply moisture to crop.The objective of irrigation is to keep adequate water available to crops, or if water is in short supply, to use what is available most effectively (Miller and Donahue, 1997). Determination of an irrigation schedule or time of application of water is a complicated process. The computer programs have made it simple and easy. Using the methods/tools of irrigation scheduling made it simple and possible. Water can be applied according to the water needs of the crops. In the beginning the amount of water applied depth is small as root depth is in developing stage or small. During the mid-season, the irrigation depth need to be larger as root depth is growing larger and deep. Thus, it reveals that irrigation depth and the irrigation interva l varies with the crop development stages.In an arid and semi-arid region where rainfall is scarce makes irrigation system critical. There is no substitute for water. It is indispensable for human, animal and plant life. Hence it is necessary to develop, conserve, utilise and manage this scarce resource economically and critically so as to meet the ever growing demand for agriculture and other human development activities. The main challenge confronting water management inShow MoreRelatedAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Irrigation1033 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscusses about the positive and negative effects of irrigation on crops or plants. Before irrigation, man satisfied his hunger by eating fruits from the forest and drinking water from natural streams. Slowly his demands grew and he felt the need of different types of food. 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The Sexual Health Class Sexual Orientation - 1196 Words

In my sexual health class, we talked about sexual orientation. We had two guest speakers, one was a lesbian that was engaged and a transgender from a man to female. The lesbian speaker talked to us about how her journey went when she came out to her family and friends that she was a lesbian. She said it was not easy, but over the years her family started to support her decision of being with the same sex. For the transgender male to female had a different story. He was the only child and only had one girl in his life which was somewhat not by choice. He was young and a little girl asked him if he was gay and at that time he was in denial so he said no and when she asked will you go out with he was like he did not care, but after one week he got his best friend to break them up. I found that funny because he got his best friend to break them up because he did like that fact that she was a girl. But to make a long story short, he found out that in his middle school years that he loves the same sex and that he saw himself as a woman and not a male. A year ago, he came out to his family and friends that he was gay and that he was going through the change of became a transgender. The person that was most hurt was his father because he was the only child and he was a boy. As he grew up, his father was a bishop and soon became a pastor and it was hard for him to support his new daughter when the Bible says otherwise. It was just interesting that his father has to decide what to do.Show MoreRelatedSexual Education As A Mandatory Course Necessary For Young Adults940 Words   |  4 PagesSex education is quite a controversial topic in the world of education today. 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Cultural Differences Between Social Systems And Human...

Last semester, I was given a story about am imaginary woman with imaginary research and I had to deem it either ethical or unethical. This for me, was quite easy as in reality this imaginary anthropologist was only in the research for the money. What I did not realize however is that anthropologists are faced with many challenges during their research. Whether it be their own society’s views that shaped how they view the world, or the backlash their ethnography created or even plain and simple cultural differences. Anthropology tries to account for the social and cultural variation in the world, but an important part of any anthropological project, such as an ethnography also consists of understanding similarities between social systems†¦show more content†¦To what extent do all humans, cultures or societies have something in common, and to what extent is each of them unique? Since we naturally like to compare and contrast ideas, we question those terms that are suppo sedly culturally neutral terms like kinship and gender role. It is acknowledged throughout the academia that all or nearly all societies have several features in common. However, many anthropologists challenge this view, and insist on the uniqueness of each culture or society. For anthropological fieldwork, and especially an ethnography, a society or a culture must be understood on its own terms. Anthropologists are, thus, suspicious of any application of a shared, universal scale to be used in the evaluation of every society. In order to pass judgement on the quality of life in a foreign society, we must first try to understand that society from the inside; otherwise, our judgement has a very limited view of the society in which we are studying. What is conceived of as â€Å"the good life† in the society in which we happen to live may not appear attractive at all if it is seen from a different vantage-point. In order to understand people’s lives, it

Maria Montessori and the New Education free essay sample

By ‘’New Education’’ she meant that we could set up a new education system that could replace the existing system, as the existing system is unable to find many problems faced by man, and that the new system could focus on the energies of children, to understand them, and channalise them to solve problems faced by the world rather than going to war. Dr Montessori felt that adults should improve their egocentric and authoritative attitude and approach children with humility and recognize their role as secondary. An adult must realize his job as secondary and should endeavour all that he can do to understand, support, and help him in the development stages. This she meant was the basic role of a mother as well as a teacher to help develop the child’s personality. She felt that the ‘’Child is not an empty vessel waiting to be filled’’(Montessori Principle and Philosophy, Topic 1 , Page 11). Where she clearly means that one had to understand the hidden potential of the child . And to understand what prevents an adult from the seeing the child as he is. She believed that we as adults fail to see the hidden /unknown potential of the child as we are habitual of seeing everything from our standpoint. We as adults underestimate the childs potential and without being a step by step guide , we start acting as the creator , considering good and evil in the child’s action from our standpoint. And that by accepting this attitude an adult invariably cancels the child’ personality unconsciously and in the bargain gets a conviction of zeal , love and sacrifice. ‘’The child is not an inert being who owes everything he can do to us, as if he were an empty vessel that we have to fill. No, it is the child who makes the man and no man exists who was not made by the child who he once was†¦it is the baby who produces the man†¦it is the child who absorbs material from the world about him; he who moulds it into the man of the future. ’’(Montessori Principle and Philosophy, Topic 3. 2 , Page 11). The need to focus on the child and the role of an adult is extremely important. She thought the we often pay attention to adults. But it is to understand that adults came into being much later. Before that they were children who were taught skills like hard-work, patience, care , study etc. Thus focusing on the protection of children’s rights and welfare was the key to progress in the society. Montessori noted that education was not the only link between adults and children. Instead the adult needs to realize the relations between adults and children. Dr Montessori felt that the child’s learning capacity is different from that of an adult. The child has unique natural powers to develop himself if there were no hindrance and arbitary discipline. She believed that the learning process between a child and an adult is very different . To prove that she had certain observations. The child learns from the environment. Draws clues from what is available to him, he is in a state of development unlike an adult who have reached a state of saturation. The child however is transforming every time absorbing as much as possible from the environment around. The child even progresses in many states , he has to develop many skills and thereby develops in order to grow, on the other hand an adult already has attained a learning level and performs a task to finish it. Adults are always result oriented , whereas the child is inquisitive , he wants to know How? What? Why ? in other words is more inclined to be process driven. The task given to the child intensifies his efforts, he wants to give the best shot and utilize all his energy, and in the process any help given at the stage is useful for the child. The child’s pattern of working is very different from that of adults , the child is in no hurry to finish the task and understands and comprehends in his own way or may even think of other ways. This makes him perfect the job. ‘’ It is the spirit of the child that can determine the course of human progress and lead it perhaps even to higher form of civilization. ’’(The essential Montessori, chapter 6, Pg 24). She believed that at the time of birth a child has a pre determined pattern of unfolding and has used a specific term to describe the same. She called it as the ‘’Spiritual Embryo’’ (Montessori Principle and Philosophy, Topic 3. 4 , Page 12). By saying this she meant that there are the two most important thing that are linked to this pattern, firstly the ability to interact with the environment and secondly , then freedom to reveal the true ‘’HIMSELF’’ and she thought that if these two factors are not satisfied the real personality of the child will not be realized to its true potential. Children have a lot of constructive energy and it is for us to realize the potential of this energy and to channalize it to the maximum. Another quotation that says ‘’Free the child’s potential and you will transform him into the world’’(Dr Maria Montessori ,Montessori alumbs, Curriculum guide book). This helps us clarify the concept better that unleashing the child’s full potential will not only give confidence but she also believed that , the child , who is the adult of tomorrow , will build and will be in a better position to develop a better world and future. By utilizing the complete potential in a child would lead to a better citizen of tomorrow who could efficiently look into the problems faced by the world. He can only be able to do so, if guided properly with care, sympathy, patience, warmth, and love to develop. Montessori thought that every child has a creative intelligence that exists in the unconscious state of mind. And that we as adults needs to realize this power. The child at this stage is very tender and has been compared to a crystal which absorbs all the beams of light and projects itself as twinkling diamond. By this she meant that the child at the tender age of about (0-3yrs) would be able to grasp much more if he is given the right and appropriate conditions and the right help, he would have a natural desire to learn and work utilizing the spontaneous goodness and love. She described a term called the ‘’Sensitive Periods’’ that are the early years of childhood in which a child and his personality develops to its maximum , as at this stage the child is very open to the environment taking clues and references to utilize to the most. Montessori believed that children interact with the environment and develop personalities. They have their own personal creative sensitivities, that help them develop their powers reacting to life. She also defined that sometimes a particular stimuli lasts until the need is fulfilled. The sensitive periods in other words can also be explained as the blocks in the life of a child where he is absorbed by each characteristic of the environment. She explained that the child’s needs are linked with the environment, just as the development of a language he speaks, uses of sense organs, way of walking, attention to minute details, social interests etc. She thought that it is during this period that the potential can be fully realized , and that a function can be more easily established and the abilities can be acquired more perfectly. Now at this stage, if the child loses his interest the ability drops down immediately. If his interests are not taken care of during the sensitive periods the opportunity for natural conquest is lost forever. This shall also have a very disturbing effect on his physic and personality. The new education must foster a new understanding of the real values of humanity and gratitude must be felt for those workers upon whom human life depends. There is something more. There is also the fact that if one has grown up with a veneration for humanity, one will not consent to become an unconscious, destructive force to destroy humanity. Men will not lend themselves to those erroneous ways which foolishly destroy the creators and maintainers of everything that provides for their existence. They will be unwilling to use the supernatural and universal powers which they possess for a cosmic cataclysm to destroy the fruits of civilisation. Having developed a conscience and sentiment towards human life, they will be incapable of cruelty; for cruelty belongs to a dead soul. men conscious of the value of humanity will refuse to obey an insane and absurd command as the one to destroy those who produce and maintain the civilisation in which we all live. Through all this shine forth the necessity and importance of educating the child. The child must not be considered as he is today, in his apparent weakness in relation to us. He must be considered in his power of potential man. Every human being is the result of the growth of the child; as every tree, even if gigantic, originated from the seed. Montessori thought that one should adopt a different approach to observe children. This develops the whole personality of the child by developing his sensory and intellectual capabilities. This method focuses on child centered learning . It means to develop self learning through self correcting materials. The child should be left to discover on his own and emphasis on concrete reality. Education cannot express itself in terms of any of these incomplete ideas of the past. The joy of life, the optimism of hope, freedom and independence, love amongst men, are the spontaneous and natural consequences of an education based on life. If these are to be realised, it is necessary to have the right conditions for normal life. It is necessary that all the latent energies should have the possibility of expansion. Only then can the character of man be formed; man will then be sure of his actions and capable of controlling them.